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Language Learning Strategies -The Theoretical Framework and Some Suggestions for Learner Training Practice

Tuesday 2 July 2024


 

UAS MK English Language Teaching and Learning Strategy

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Language Learning Strategies --- The Theoretical Framework and Some Suggestions for Learner Training Practice 

Ting Liang 

Dept. of Foreign Languages and Literature, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences No. 1 Hi-Tech Avenue, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, China Tel: 86-917-320-1869   E-mail: fiona811130@hotmail.com 

Abstract  

Research in the field of second language learning indicates that proper use of language learning strategies leads to the improvement of overall Second Language (L2) or Foreign Language (FL) proficiency as well as specific language skills. This essay firstly attempts to build a theoretical framework of learning strategies theories by clarifying the definitions and categories of learning strategies, discussing the relevant factors influencing strategy choice, while making references to the status quo in China; then it looks at what some learners do that makes them ‘good language learners’; finally, some preparatory work is suggested as a start for undertaking learner training in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) classrooms. 

Keywords: 

Learning strategy, Strategy choice, Learner training 

1. Theoretical framework of learning strategies 

1.1 Definitions

In the literature concerning cognitive science in general or language learning in particular, the term ‘strategy’ has been referred to as a small range of synonyms such as ‘technique’, ‘tactic’ and ‘skills’, by which individual researchers describe their understandings in this particular area in slightly differential ways. Just as Bialystok (1983, cited in Wenden and Rubin 1987:7) states, ‘there is little consensus in the literature concerning either the definition or the identification of language learning strategies’. Some more or less overlapping statements are compared as follows. 

To begin with, there are some views triggering the discussion about whether language learning strategies are behavioral (observable), mental (unobservable) or both. For example, Oxford (1989 cited in Ellis, 1994: 531) defines the term as ‘behaviours or actions’, whereas Weinstein and Mayer (1986) argues learning strategies involve both behaviours and thoughts.

Secondly, the disagreement is about the nature of the behaviours, on the presupposition the language learning strategies are behaviours. Stern (1983, cited in Ellis, 1994:531) claims that ‘strategy is best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristics of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.’ Here Stern describes the nature of strategy as general and overall, while Wenden (1987a: 7) blurs the distinction between these two by referring to ‘strategies’ as specific actions or techniques, adding that they are not about general approach of learners like reflecting and risk-taking.  

The last major dispute deals with learners’ awareness of strategy use. Some address this by applying distinct terms, for example, Seliger (1984, cited in Ellis, 1994:531) refers to the abstract cognitive categories of processing information subconsciously or unconsciously as ‘strategies’, while he defines another term ‘tactics’ as learners’ deliberate respond to the learning circumstances. However, many researchers avoid making clear distinction on the issue of consciousness, and some suggest that learners cope with new information by deploying strategies consciously and these strategies would gradually become subconscious with repeated application and self-adaptation.  

Although each of these arguments describes learning strategies from a unique perspective, altogether they may have helped us get a general notion of what are learner strategies:  ·

Learning strategies are either behavioral thus observable, or mental then not observable. ·Learning strategies could be either general approaches or specific actions or techniques adopted to learn a Target Language (TL).  ·Learners are generally aware of what approaches or techniques they have used in language learning, despite some subconscious activities under certain circumstances. 

1.2 Typology of learning strategies  

According to Rubin (1987: 23), there are three kinds of learner strategies, namely, learning strategies, communication strategies, and social strategies. It is noted that she use ‘learner’ in the superordinate so as to differ it from the subordinate. Among the three, the first two are further named as direct strategies, in that they make direct and primary contribution to language learning, by means of obtaining, storing, retrieving and using language, as opposed to the indirect way in which social strategies contribute to language learning. As the first and major category, learning strategies may further break into cognitive and metacognitive strategies. O’ Malley (1987) notes that the former normally entail direct manipulation or organization of new information, some typical examples of which are repetition, resourcing, translation, grouping, note-taking, deducing and inferencing; on the other hand, the latter often include planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning activities. The second category in Rubin’s system of typology, communication strategies are often employed when learners participate a conversation, facilitating the on-going of conversation and allowing learners more chances of exposure to L2, such as clarification strategy and avoidance strategy. The last one, social strategies, coappearing with affective strategies in lots of strategy research reports, are applied with a lower frequency in classroom activities, for example, cooperating with peer learners in group work and asking teachers for clarification, due to lack of real life communicative situations and inevitable resort to mother tongue (Carless, 2007).  Although the primary and significant aspects of learner strategies have been covered in Rubin’s categorization, some specific strategies owning their importance in L2 learning deserve particular attention. Take mnemonic techniques for instance, they are applied and relied on to some degree in lots of language learning areas. Deployed with other aides in a learning setting, like visual aids and physical responses (Thompson, 1987), memorizing strategies could be particularly effective to some learners. There are other perspectives from which learning strategies are examined, too. Oxford (1990) develops a six-item group of L2 learning behaviors, in which not only affective and social strategy are treated and valued respectively, but cognitive strategy are dealt with in three smaller parts, which are memory-related, general cognitive and compensatory strategy. There is not sufficient evidence to say this way is better than other systematizing approach, or vice versa, but it devotes the insight of seeing learners as persons able of accessing and utilizing comprehensive resources, rather than information processors and at the same time reminds teachers of some potentially enhancable aspects of their learners. 1.3 Factors in strategy choice  Although talking about factors influencing strategy choice may complicate the situation staged by variably defined and systematized learning strategies, it is still necessary to do this, since the learning we are discussing about does not take place in a vacuum or lab, where variables are minimized or in control. Even the strategies employed by classroom learners, whose learning setting does not allow too much operation of social functions and real life situations, are more or less influenced by a range of inner and outer factors. 

1.3.1 Learner factors 

What learners think about language learning may affect the way they go about doing it. Learners are found by Wenden (1987b, cited in Ellis 1994: 541) to hold at least these two different beliefs about language learning: some believe ‘learning’ language is very important, as a result, they often resort to cognitive strategies, whereas others regarding ‘using’ language as significant pay more attention to communicative strategies. In China, an EFL context, where the TL is not ‘spoken in the immediate environment’ and few chances are available for natural communication (Ringbom, 1980), there are much more learners who take the first attitude towards English learning than those who take the second, which might lead to a tendency in their strategy choice. For example, learners are commonly observed to rely on memorization and rote learning and spend plenty of time doing intensive reading.  Language learning styles, explained as general approaches to language learning, are gaining increasing attention as another essential parameter of L2 strategy choice. Some connection between L2 learning strategies and L2 learners’ underlying learning styles are claimed to exist, and these styles may be further associated with certain cultural values. For example, as stated previously, some learners tend to be oriented by visual means and in turn use more listing and grouping strategies, while some prefer learning in an auditory way and are used to listening to tapes and podcasts (Oxford, 2002). On the other hand, research done by Scarcella and Oxford (1992) reveals that learners could overcome their weakness in some learning styles with appropriate strategy training.  Despite some existing contention about the effects of age on the rate, sequence, achievement of L2 learning, it is agreed by many researchers that young children often use simple strategies, while older learners tend to apply more sophisticated strategies (Ellis, 1994:541), which accounts for the fact that adults learn grammar and vocabulary faster and better than children. Nevertheless, this argument does not mean that adult learners do not need strategies in learning grammar and vocabulary at all; on the contrary, adult learners should raise their awareness of using strategies in a more effectively arranged way, which rings the bell to some EFL learners in China, who just blindly invest plenty of time and effort into grammar and vocabulary drills. Although research on aptitude and personality also shed some light on learner strategy choice, more convincing evidence need to be assembled to interpret their links with learning strategy. In addition, as an inevitable factor in language learning, motivation imposes its impact on learner strategies as well, to name just a few, passing exams and living up to parents’ expectation. It has been claimed by some researchers that more motivated learners, no matter in what way, employ learning strategies more frequently than less motivated learners (Oxford 1989).  

1.3.2 Situational and social factors  

While individual learner differences lead to some variance in strategy use, some situational factors may also be causes. Studies of classroom learners indicate that social strategies are rarely practiced (Chamot et al., 1988), as opposed to cognitive and metacognitive strategies which have been aware of and focused on in the same setting to a larger degree. Besides learning setting, task type is another situational factor to consider. For example, grammar and vocabulary tasks often require the use of self-monitoring, and guessing word meaning needs inductive strategy. It has become increasingly acknowledged that learning strategies are more likely to be improved in appropriate settings and through carefully chosen tasks.  Gender is a factor of social nature. Gu (2002) suggests that female learners generally make better use of most of the learner strategies, particularly those helping enlarging vocabulary size, and present higher overall EFL proficiency than their male counterparts. On the gender issue in language learning, I partially agree with Gu. Recalling my teaching experience, I should say girls in general had done a better job than boys in strategies such as note-taking and advance preparation. However, there are some boys who do show distinguished language ability; moreover, boys as a whole usually demonstrate more flexibility and creativity in language learning.  Apparently, more study needs to be done to look into the connection between specific learning strategy and gender (including gender ratio in the classroom, where the behavioral tendency of the overwhelmingly major gender might influence that of the opposite gender), with other parameters like language proficiency and academic subject taken into careful account. 

1.3.3 Academic factor 

Although not as potent a factor as those described above, academic major might be another source of variety in strategy use for language learning. By means of questionnaires and tests, Gu (2002) finds that arts majors outperform sciences majors in overall proficiency of English, but have a slightly lower level of vocabulary size than the science majors do. Research undertaken by Oxford, Nyiko and Ehrman (1988) indicates that engineering students choose more analytic strategies than humanities students do. Although these results are not sufficient and conclusive to produce any concrete suggestions with for EFL teachers, without further information about other variables in a certain context, it is still reasonable to keep an eye on the potential connections between learner strategies and academic majors or future careers.  

1.3.4 Cultural background 

Cultural factor is too broad and complex a factor to be dealt with, within which quite a lot of aspects could lead to the variety of strategy use. In my teaching context, it is clearly felt that the strategies deployed by Chinese learners differ considerably from those widely advocated in western EFL literatures. In a classroom setting, for instance, Chinese learners rely more on note-taking strategy and ask teachers more frequently for repetition, paraphrasing, examples and explanation. Also notably, among these learners, introverts resort to taking notes to a larger degree, whereas extroverts are more likely to ask questions. On the contrary, their western peers tend to employ more cooperation strategies, like seeking feedback and pooling resources.  Such tendency of Chinese learners in strategy use is closely related to their cultural identity. In the cultural context of China, diligence in learning has been greatly stressed and highly praised since the emergence of ancient civil examination ‘Ke Ju’. In order to obtain a higher mark and step higher on the power ladder, candidates had to learn piles of ancient classics by rote, as a result, many could recite great length of essays, hence the Chinese cheng yu (four-character idiom) ‘dao bei ru liu’, which literally means that one remembers something so clearly that he can even recite it out in an inverse sequence. Although memorization is not playing an overwhelming part in learning nowadays, mnemonic strategies like note-taking remain one of the most reliable learning techniques in classroom. The other strategy, question for clarification, as Harvey (1985) observes, may be resulted in by the strong emphasis of mistake correction in Chinese academic context.  

2. Good language learner 

Despite the miscellaneous views about how learning strategies can impact learning outcomes and how they are related to other factors, on evident contrasts between the behaviors of effective learners and those of their less effective counterparts, a list of features shared by ‘good language learners’ has been widely recognized by L2 researchers and classroom practitioners, as Rubin (1975) suggests, including ‘willingly and accurately guess, want to communicate, are uninhibited about mistakes, focus on both structure and meaning, take advantage of all practice opportunities, and monitor their own speech and that of others’.  

In the light of Rubin’s observation, quite a big number of EFL learners in China are not the so-called ‘good language learners’, since as Harvey (1985) describes they generally would not like to make inferences about the meaning of words and sentences, pay too little attention to communication skills, feel like to be corrected, and concentrate largely on grammatical structures. However, millions of EFL learners have learned English in these conventional Chinese ways and a number of them have made outstanding success in English. As regards these contrasts between Eastern and Western behaviours of language learning, probably aware of risking overgeneralization and stereotyping, Harvey (1985) further reviews that Chinese learning methods could not be simply labeled as ‘primitive’ or ‘old-fashioned’, and it is ridiculous to assert that these two contrasting ways can not work alongside each other. 

Therefore, what EFL teaching in China needs are not only western insights but also rational research into classroom learner behaviors and their correlation with other contextual factors so as to inform classroom practice.  Apart from those generally acknowledged attributes of ‘good language learner’, an argument made by Oxford (2002) about another comparison in strategy use between effective learners and less effective ones reveals the importance of learner training. She states that successful learners are not only aware of what strategies they use, but also skilled at selecting those working together more efficiently and tailoring them to the demands of different language tasks. In contrast, the less effective learners are ill-equipped at employing the strategies in a high-performing manner, although they are reported to be actually not inferior in the awareness of strategy use as well as the number of strategies used. Based on Oxford’s findings, it is reasonable to claim that the value of learner training should not stay at the consciousness-raising level.  

3. Learner training 

Based on the enlightening views displayed above on ‘good language learner’, the issue of learner training has been foregrounded. As regards this area, quite a number of questions have been asked, hypothesis been tested, results been discussed and implications been drawn by L2 learning researchers and classroom practitioners. In this section, I would just like to give an example of how the novice EFL teacher practitioners like me could set out identifying the strategies used by certain learners and then planning training as to what the learners need.  

To begin with, it is necessary to find out about the learners’ learning strategies in a particular context. Oxford (2002) lists a group of frequently adopted techniques for eliciting L2 learners’ strategies, include classroom observation, formal and informal interviews, learning diaries, open-ended or structured surveys of strategy use frequency, and think-aloud procedures. In fact, it would be more reasonable to combine two or more of them, according to specific objectives, subject features and context factors, as different methods have their respective strengths and weaknesses.  

Take my current teaching context for example, the learners are 29 first-year junior college students majoring in mechanics, using textbooks focusing on reading and writing skills. If I would like to check the learners’ use of language learning strategies, any one from self-designed think-aloud written report, reading journal, informal interview, classroom observation and survey would be worth trying. To get a general profile of the learners’ strategy use frequency as a preliminary step, I can use Chinese translation of the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL Version 7.0 for ESL/EFL, Oxford, 1989), a widely employed summative rating scale involving 6 subscales (namely, memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, affective and social strategy) of 50 items on a five-point Likert-scale, the reliability and validity of which have been confirmed by many researchers in cross-cultural contexts. As a supplement to this inventory, a few lines of background information is expected to be supplied by the learners, such as gender, age and the college entrance exam mark (given no other placement test result is available at the moment). Descriptive statistics are then used to analyze the data. As can be seen from the results presented in Table 1, the means for the learners’ overall strategy use frequency, regardless of the specific strategy type, are rather similar, that is between 2 and 3, which means less than half of the time, with compensation and metacognitive strategy use happening slightly more frequent than the others.  Insert Table 1 Here To have a closer look at each high frequency item as well as the low frequency one and analyze the possible causes, the data of each inventory item is also computed and put into Table 2 (see Appendix). Within the scope of the compensation strategies and the metacognitive strategies, the following items have both their mean scores and mode scores above 3 in Table 2: item (24) ‘guessing unknown words’ meaning’, item (29) ‘using alternatives to unavailable words’, item (32) ‘paying attention to people speaking English’ and item (33) ‘striving to become better English learners’. These findings show that the learners tend to compensate when aware of limited vocabulary, and they are willing and making effort to do better in English learning, which is also embodied in the mode score of item (38) ‘reflecting on the progress in learning. Noticeably, they have great interests in speaking English, which makes an interesting contrast to the quite low results of item (35) ‘looking for people to talk with in English’. This probably reveals that good oral ability is regarded as important and admiring by the learners, but presumably due to the priority given to reading and writing in classroom, they seldom take the initiatives or seek chances to speak English, which is reflected in item (14). Additionally, some items in other categories are also worth noticing. For instance, using item (39) could mean that affective factor has a significant effect on how they learn; the poor results in item (7) and (43) might be seen as the indicators of the learners’ weak awareness of the applying diary and physical acts in English learning.

In spite of these inventory results, further attempts still need to be made to refine or verify them according to specific contexts. For example, O'Malley et al. (1985) carried out classroom observation from the perspectives of source, activity, setting, materials and approach concerning learning strategy, and interviews for both teachers and students to elicit strategies for specific learning tasks, the findings of which informed the training practice and were the basis of refining the training approaches. There are good considerations behind these attempts: firstly, it is now generally recognized that learner strategy use is very unlikely to be discussed thoroughly without taking into consideration the learner differences either individually or in groups (Macaro, 2006) such as age, gender, major and learning experience; Secondly, apart from the variables, the method used in this paper to elicit strategies is not without flaws. The validity of the language learning strategy inventories like SILL has been challenged by some researchers, arguing that the strategies contained may not be simply transferred in different social and cultural environments (LoCastro, 1994), and the means by which the strategies are categorized, however convenient in terms of research and instruction, lacks theoretical support (Skehan, 1991).  On the basis of the inventory results, a list of findings can be summarized as follows:   - The learners use most of the language learning strategies not very frequently or systematically; - Most of the learners’ vocabulary sizes are quite limited and they are more or less aware of this; - Most of the learners’ speaking fluency does not live up to their expectation; - Most of the learners feel the tension and anxiety during interaction and when making errors.  These findings at least inform the future training practice in three ways: first of all, the learners need to be convinced that to be successful in language learning they need some training sessions of language strategy use; then some combinations of strategies need to be determined for the training with particular emphasis on the strategies used in vocabulary acquisition and listening-speaking tasks; furthermore, adequate chances need to be provided of deploying social/affective strategies. Before strategy training can be conducted, several other issues need to be sorted out, for which different voices are always heard. Regarding the structure of the training content, Ma (2008) makes the point on the basis of his study that metacognitive and affective strategies could be packaged with certain cognitive ones to gain a desirable result due to the facilitative correlation between them, which is certainly one possible sort of training syllabus, which can be customized accordingly. To match with the content, there is usually an organizing style of training to be decided, too. It is recognized by some as a beneficial way to integrate training module into regular class guided with explicit instruction (Oxford, 2002), which received objections by those who are for doing it either separately or implicitly.  Apart from what to deliver in a training session and how to do it, it is necessary for the instructor to think about the means and criteria of assessment before the training. The last note is to get learners psychologically prepared, in other words, to keep them well aware of the strategy training they are undertaking so as to encourage their engagement and active responses (Hedge, 2000: 85). To expand the scope of learner training, Hedge (ibid.) further points out that time outside classroom hours could also be made use of as a continuing phase of classroom training through ICT (Information Communications Technology) in language labs, self-access centres as well as at home. 4. Conclusion This essay outlines the major aspects of L2 learning strategies, introduces some important insights of L2 learning researchers into surveying, exploring and training L2 learning strategies, and makes association between them in the background of EFL learning and teaching in China. Also a list of suggestions for learner training is made for greenhorns in this field. On the basis of my experience both as a teacher and a learner in investigating and using learning strategies, more research needs to be undertaken to examine the effectiveness of strategy training in a specific area and increase the possibility of EFL learners becoming more responsible for their own learning.  

References 

Bialystok, E. (1983). Some factors in the selection and implementation of communication strategies In: Faerch, C. & Kasper, G. (eds) Strategies in Interlanguage Communication London: Longman. 

Carless, D. (2008). Student use of the mother tongue in the task-based classroom ELT Journal vol. 62/4, 331-338. 

Chamot, A. et al. (1988). A Study of Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Instruction: Findings of the Longitudinal Study Mclean, Va: Interstate Research Associates. Ellis, R. (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gu, Yongqi. (2002). Gender, academic major, and vocabulary learning strategies of Chinese EFL learners RELC Journal vol. 33 /1, 35-54. Harvey, P. (1985). A lesson to be learned: Chinese approaches to language learning ELT Journal vol. 39/3, 183-186.

Hedge, T. (2000). Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

LoCastro, V. (1994). Learning strategies and learning environments TESOL Quarterly 28, 409-414. 

Ma, Jiangtao (2008). Learning strategy training and listening proficiency: an empirical study of non-English major undergraduates CELEA Journal vol. 31/5, 109-118. 

Macaro, E. (2006). Strategies for language learning and for language use: revising the theoretical framework The Modern Language Journal vol. 90/3, 320-337. 

O’Malley, J. (1987). The effects of training in the use of learning strategies on acquiring English as a second language In: Wenden, A. & Rubin, J. (eds) Learner Strategies in Language Learning Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall International. 

O'Malley, J., Chamot, A., Stewner-Manzanares, G., Russo, R. & Küpper, L. (1985). Learning Strategy Applications with Students of English as a Second Language TESOL Quarterly 19, 557-584. 

Oxford, R. L. (1989). Use of language learning strategies: a synthesis of studies with implication for strategy training System 17, 235-247. 

Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know New York: Newbury House /Harper & Row. 

Oxford, R. L. (2002). Language learning strategies in a nutshell: update and ESL suggestions In: Richard, J. C. & Renandya, W. A. (eds) Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp. 124-132. 

Oxford, R. L., Nyikos, M. & Ehrman, M. E. (1988). Vive la difference: reflection on sex differences in the use of language learning strategies Foreign Language Annals 21, 321-329. 

Ringbom, H. (1980). On the distinction between second-language acquisition and foreign-language learning In: papers presented at the Nordic Conference on Applied Linguistics, Finland 1979.  

Rubin, J. (1975). What the “good language learner’ can teach us TESOL Quarterly 9, 41-51. 

Rubin, J. (1987). Learner strategies: theoretical assumptions, research history and typology In: Wenden, A. & Rubin, J. (Eds.) Learner Strategies in Language Learning Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall International. 

Scarcella, R. & Oxford, R. L. (1992). The Tapestry of Language Learning: the Individual in the Communicative Classroom Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.  

Seliger, H. (1984). Processing universals in second language acquisition In: Eckman et al. (Eds.) Universals of Second Language Acquisition Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House. 

Skehan, P. (1991). Individual differences in second language learning Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13, 275-298. 

Stern, H. (1983). Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

Thompson, I. (1987). Memory in language learning In: Wenden, A. & Rubin, J. (Eds.) Learner Strategies in Language Learning Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall International. 

Weinstein, C. & Mayer, R. (1986). The teaching of learning strategies In: Wittrock, M. (Ed.) Handbook of Research on Teaching (3rd ed.) New York: Macmillan.  

Wenden, A. (1987a). Conceptual background and utility In: Wenden, A. & Rubin, J. (Eds.) Learner Strategies in Language Learning Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall International. 

Wenden, A. (1987b). How to be a successful learner: insights and prescriptions from L2 learners In: Wenden, A. & Rubin, J. (Eds.). Learner Strategies in Language Learning Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall International.  

Wenden, A. & Rubin, J. (eds). (1987). Learner Strategies in Language Learning Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall International.  

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34 comments:

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  7. Nama: Nur Baini Husain
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    Kelas: 4/b

    Hard work in designing English learning strategies for learners like Ting Liang is very important considering the role of strategies in improving second or foreign language skills. it is important to develop a strong theoretical framework for learning strategies, which includes definitions and categories of strategies, as well as considering the factors that influence the selection of those strategies. Referring to practical practices in China is also important for the local context.
    Suggestions for implementing EFL learner training includeconsider what successful learners do to identify effective strategies.Recommended initial preparation should include a deep understanding of individual learner needs and characteristics, as well as innovative and inclusive learning methods.

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  14. Nama : Monica S. Siloinyanan
    Npm : 03062211067
    Kelas : lVB

    Overall, Liang's paper is a significant contribution to the field of second language acquisition, providing both theoretical insights and practical recommendations for enhancing language learning and teaching practices. The call for more localized research in the context of China underscores the need for context-specific strategies, acknowledging the diverse ways in which cultural and educational environments shape learning.

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  15. Name: Widya Chairunnisa
    NPM: 03062111097
    Class: IV/B

    This essay comprehensively investigates the domain of moment dialect learning techniques, emphasizing their hypothetical underpinnings, typologies, and the different variables affecting procedure choice. It highlights the qualification between behavioral and mental procedures, examines the mindfulness of learners with respect to their techniques, and categorizes techniques into learning, communication, and social techniques. The exposition too distinguishes components influencing procedure choice, such as learner convictions, learning styles, age, inspiration, situational and social settings, scholastic major, and social foundation.

    The discussion extends to distinguishing characteristics of "great dialect learners," noticing that successful learners are proactive, communicative, and intelligent. The paper underscores the require for learner preparing, especially within the EFL setting of China, where conventional strategies rule. It proposes strategies to distinguish learners' methodologies and proposes steps for procedure preparing, counting stock appraisals, relevant alterations, and custom-made preparing programs. 

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  17. Name: Darni Ibrahim

    Npm: 03062211066

    Class: 4B

    Based on the text above, this is how we organize a learning strategy, which is a comprehensive approach to a learning system that includes general guidelines and a framework of activities to achieve learning objectives. In learning strategies, there are several typologies that can be used as a reference for designing effective learning methods
    Learning strategies Actively involve students in the learning process, such as group discussions, collaborative projects, or simulations. Collaborative Learning Strategy: triggers interaction between students to learn from each other, such as group work or joint projects.

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  20. Nama : Manda Septia
    Npm : 03062211052
    Kelas : 4B

    The text above explains how the use of appropriate learning strategies can improve skills in a second or foreign language. This text explains several factors that influence strategy choices, such as individual differences, learning situations, gender, academic background, and culture. In addition, the text also describes the characteristics of a "good language learner" and the importance of training for learners. A deeper understanding of these factors can help in designing more effective learning environments and training programs to improve students' language skills.

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  21. Nama : Natasya Ilham
    Npm : 03062211083
    Class : IV B

    From the text above, you can see the text about English Learning Strategies which is discussed very comprehensively.
    Understanding various types of strategies and applying them effectively, students can improve their English skills, training students on these strategies to improve their learning even better.
    Learning can use good strategies to produce better understanding.

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  22. Name : Arsisusanti Akmal
    Npm : 03062211051
    Class :IV-B

    Jurnal ilmiah di atas membahas tentang peranan penting strategi pembelajaran bahasa yang tepat terhadap peningkatan kemampuan berbahasa asing. Strategi pembelajaran bahasa ini sendiri bisa berupa perilaku yang dapat diamati ataupun mental yang tidak dapat diamati, juga dapat berupa pendekatan umum ataupun tindakan khusus yang di adopsi untuk mempelajari bahasa sasaran (asing). Menurut Rubin, terdapat 3 jenis strategi pembelajar, yaitu strategi pembelajaran, strategi komunikasi, dan strategi sosial. Ia mengatakan bahwa diantara ketiganya, dua yang pertama disebut sebagai strategi langsung karena memberikan kontribusi langsung dan paling utama dalam pembelajaran bahasa, sedangkan strategi sosial tidak memberikan kontribusi secara langsung. Meskipun pemilihan strategi yang tepat sangat penting, terdaoat beberapa faktor yang daoat mempersulit dalam memilih strategi yang tepat, diantaranya faktor pembelajar, faktor situasional dan sosial, faktor akademis, faktor budaya.

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  23. Name:sri rahayu iksan
    Npm:03062211049
    Class:lV-B
    This is a well-structured and informative essayŕŕ that delves into the ŕtheoretical framework of language learning strategies, particularly focusing on the context of EFL learning in China. It's evident that the author has a strong grasp of the relevant research and effectively connects theory to practice. Here are my comments:
    Strengths: Comprehensive Overview: The essay provides a thorough overview of the field, defining and categorizing learning strategies, discussing the factors influencing strategy choice, and highlighting the importance of learner training- Focus on Chinese Context: The essay excels in its focus on the Chinese EFL context. It analyzes cultural influences on strategy use, discusses the specific challenges faced by Chinese learners, and offers insights tailored to this specific learning environmen

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  25. Name: La Alu La Banti
    Npm: 03062211047
    Class: IV-B
    Based on the essay above, there are many experts who explain the L2 learning strategy and in the explanation of these experts we can see the learning strategy that suits what we want. In the essay above also explain the learning strategies that are tailored to character, age, and interest in student learning which aims to create a learning strategy that many students prefer and of course learning strategies that make students comfortable it will make it easier for students to understand the learning.

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  26. Name : Mandalia Puni
    NPM : 03062211057
    Class : B-IV

    Berdasarkan jurnal yang saya baca di atas, menjelaskan strategi dalam belajar bahasa Inggris. Banyak ahli yang menjelaskan tentang pembelajaran yang di iringi praktek. Jika selamanya pembelajaran hanya materi dan hafalan tanpa praktek atau test, maka siswa tidak cepat berkembang jika hanya materi dalam kelas saja.

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  27. Iswandi Abdurahman
    03062211046
    IVB

    Based on the essay, many expert about the effective using language learning strategy. And this essay we can see the they explain so massive the strategy of using language learning strategy very well.

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  29. Name: Arsani Melinda R. Djalil
    NPM: 03062211075
    Class: IV-B
    From the essay above, you can see a text that discusses English Learning Strategies very thoroughly by the author. The text shows that using the right learning strategies can improve overall proficiency in a foreign or second language. The text also discusses the theories of learning strategies by explaining the definitions, and categories of learning strategies as well as the influencing factors.

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  30. Name: Ninis saban
    npm : 03062211062
    class : IV-B
    The text provides a detailed exploration of learning strategies, strategy choice, and learner training in the context of language learning, particularly focusing on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching in China. It delves into the theoretical framework of learning strategies, including definitions and typologies, as well as factors influencing strategy choice such as learner factors, situational and social factors, academic factors, and cultural background.

    the text provides valuable insights for EFL teachers, emphasizing the importance of understanding learner differences and contextual factors in strategy training. It underscores the need for further research to evaluate the effectiveness of strategy training and empower EFL learners to take responsibility for their own learning.

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  31. Nama : Raisal Amin
    Class : IV-B
    NPM : 03062211068

    Berdasarkan essay diatas dapat dismpulkan bahwa pemilihan strategi pembelajaran yang tepat sangat menentukan hasil pembelajaran bahasa ke-2. Dalam artian penggunaan strategi yang sesuai dengan kondisi atau situasi sangat berpotensi menghasilkan suasana pembelajaran yang efektif dan penguasaan bahasa asing yang cepat, begitu juga sebaliknya. Akan tetapi sebelum menentukan pilihan strategi pembelajaran untuk diterapkan di sebuah kelas, perlu adanya informasi awal mengenai keadaan siswa dikelas tersebut. Dengan melakukan wawancar atau pembicaraan yang sifatnya informal atau kedeatan secara emosional. Sehingga kita dapat dengan muda menentukan strategi mana yang paling tetap untuk diterapkan.

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  32. Nama : Asmiranda B. Nurhamidin
    Class : IV-B
    NPM : 03062211058

    Pada umumnya esai diatas membahas tentang strategi pembelajaran bahasa ke-2 yang dimulai dari perbedaan pemahaman dari para ahli mengenai defenisi strategi, sampai pada penawaran-penawaran strategi pembalajaran yang efektif apabila diterapkan dengan benar, sesuai dengan kondisi kelas atau kemampuan siswa dalam mempelajarai bahasa asing.

    Pada proses penerapan strategi pembelajaran, hal yang paling sentaral selama proses penerapan strategi pembelajaran adalah adanya pengevaluasian. Untuk mengukur pencapaian yang bisa diraih dari penerapan strategi pembelajaran atau mengukur seberapa efektif strategi yang di pilih untuk mengajarkan pembelajaran bahasa k2.

    Pada hakekatnya penyesuain strategi pembelajaran sangat menentukan hasil belajar siswa. Strategi sebagai tehnik atau cara yang tepat akan menghantarkan pada hasil pembelajaran yang memuaskan, begitu juga sebaliknya. Ke-tidak tepatan penerapan strategi pembelajaran akan membawa pada suasan belajar yang jenuh dan ke-tidak efektifan proses pembelajaran.

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  33. Nama : Nursyahbani Bayan
    Kelas : IV-B
    Npm : 03062211078

    1. Theoretical Framework of Learning Strategies
    The author effectively synthesizes various definitions and perspectives on language learning strategies, highlighting key debates such as whether these strategies are behavioral or mental, their general vs. specific nature, and the consciousness of their use. This section sets a solid foundation for understanding the complexities involved in defining and categorizing learning strategies.

    2. Typology of Learning Strategies
    Liang presents a detailed typology of learning strategies, dividing them into learning, communication, and social strategies, and further breaking down learning strategies into cognitive and metacognitive types. The discussion is enriched by references to key researchers like Rubin and Oxford, providing a broad perspective on how different strategies can be employed.

    3. Factors Influencing Strategy Choice
    The author identifies various factors that influence the choice of learning strategies, including learner beliefs, learning styles, age, motivation, situational and social factors, gender, academic major, and cultural background. The examples given, particularly those relevant to Chinese EFL learners, add practical insights into how these factors play out in real-world contexts.

    4. Good Language Learner
    The characteristics of good language learners are well-outlined, with references to Rubin's observations. The contrast between Chinese and Western learners' behaviors provides a thought-provoking discussion on the effectiveness of different learning methods. This section emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that incorporates insights from both Eastern and Western educational practices.

    5. Learner Training
    The author suggests practical steps for implementing learner training, including identifying learners' current strategies, planning targeted training sessions, and considering various assessment methods. The example of using the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) is particularly useful for novice teachers.

    Conclusion
    Liang concludes by reiterating the importance of understanding and training language learning strategies, especially in the context of EFL teaching in China. The call for more research into the effectiveness of strategy training underscores the need for continued exploration and adaptation in this field.

    Overall, the paper is well-structured, thoroughly researched, and provides valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners in the field of language learning. The practical suggestions for learner training are particularly beneficial for teachers looking to enhance their students' language learning strategies.

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